Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits

Habit as defined in Webster’s as a: a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b : an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, 2011). Behavior is the manner of conducting oneself or anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation. In everyday life habits are formed and intertwined with ones behavior. People are often associated with the way they behave based on the environment they come from and the habits they develop from that environment. Behavioral Theorists believe learning experiences as the development of our personality. During these developmental years the environment has the greatest influence on the personality. This influence is reinforced by positive or negative rewards. Classic conditioning explains many behavioral reaction patterns. When a person receives positive reinforcement of a behavior (reward), they develop this behavior as part of their own. A person will continue to perform a certain action because of the reward at the end of the action. An Actor receives a Grammy for outstanding performance. That actor will try to perform this action again in the next movie they are in. On the other hand, negative reinforcement (punishment) will elicit a response to not perform that behavior again. (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). If you put your finger in an electric socket the electric shock will influence you not to perform this habit again. John B. Watson was instrumental in the development of the behavioral learning approach. Watson believed in the experimental method and if psychology were to be a science, then only the observable behavior was a reasonable matter of science (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). He looked at obvious behaviors that could be learned and controlled by the therapist. During his experiments Watson used animals and not human subjects. He believed he could get the same results from animals that others did using humans. Traditional behaviorism identifies two basic types of conditioning. Classic conditioning is defined by the repeated exposure of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus. The developed neutral stimulus can develop the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. B. F. Skinner developed the more radical approach of Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning results when a behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment (Burger, 2010). Social cognitive personality development has some similarity as behaviorism. Behavioral and Social learning theories consists of four characteristic: Behaviorism, Basic Principles of Conditioning, Social Learning theory, and Social-Cognitive Theory. Behavioral is regarded as â€Å"attitude change, language acquisition, psychotherapy, student-teacher interaction, problem solving, gender roles, and job satisfaction. † Social learning is regarded as â€Å"thoughts, morals, expectancies, and individual insights† (Burger, 2010). Social-Cognitive theory as described by Albert Bandura engages in thinking and symbolic learning from observation. Behaviorism holds that people are conditioned, or trained, to respond in certain ways by rewards and punishments. Bandura suggested that there must be a way that people can learn simply by watching others, thereby removing the need to learn everything by monotonous trial-and-error (Krapp, 2005). People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and cognition all as the chief factors in influencing development. These three factors are not stagnant or self-sufficient; rather, they are all shared. According to social learning theory, modeling influences learning primarily through its informative functions. As the observers in our environment we retain a portion of the modeled behavior, which then serves as a blueprint for the behavior. This type of learning incorporates four components: attention, retention, motor, and motivational processes that help to understand why individuals imitate socially desirable behavior (Krapp, 2005). Habits are developed from childhood into adulthood. Good and bad habits are formed during this time based on behavior and social influences. In today’s society our bad habits are more noticeable than our good ones. We are always trying to correct someone from doing something we would not do or say, yet we do not understand why they behave the way they do. Some families develop household habits that last a lifetime and can be passed from child to child. These childhood habits are hard to break and require years of reconditioning. Some become part of your way of life. In my family one of the many habits I developed or inherited, was to eat eggs with jelly all over them. Yes that is right!! You mix the jelly in with the eggs and that is how they are eaten. My father ate his eggs that way, his father ate eggs the same way and so did my Great Grandfather. I have yet to break this habit. My father reinforced this habit by providing praise and allowing me to try different jellies on my eggs. The more he paid attention to this behavior the more I performed the act. He had no idea he was conditioning me to perform a certain action based on his praise/reward. Until I studied behaviorism I had no idea this was a form of conditioning. This was not something he taught me, this was a behavior I observed as part of my family environment. Once I tried the eggs with jelly, I like the taste and this became part of my habits when eating scrambled eggs. For my children I allow them to have free will and eat what they like and how they like it. My six year old likes ketchup on her broccoli. This is not learned from observation, this is just her. of his is a good example of behavior of the family that influenced one of my habits. While serving in the Military, I developed a social habit that is wide spread in the Army. Using acronyms is a large part of the military language. We use this as part of our social communication. If you do not know or understand the terminology you are not â€Å"Hooah† enough. Some may say that situation is FUBAR (Fouled up Beyond All Recognition). I contribute my behavior more to the social cognitive theories of observation. My behavior has been shaped from observing others around me and taking bits and pieces from each of them and incorporating those behaviors into my personality. To this day I am an observer of others behavior. Good or bad, I have the free will to make a determination on what parts I will use to become part of my personality. This is why I disagree with the behaviorism theorist. I have not received reward or punishment for my behavior. Good, bad, or indifferent, my personality has not been affected by treating me like a lab rat and performing behavior changing experiments on me. I believe some personalities do need operant conditioning, mine is just not one of them. For those personalities developed from socially unacceptable environments, some form of conditioning is necessary to develop a socially acceptable behavior. The first course of action is to take them out of the environment and allow them to see a more positive behavior. The saying goes you can take the child out f the country, but you cannot take the country out of the child (country can be substituted with any negative environment). I have worked hard to eat eggs the way it is socially accepted. In public I will eat the way it is expected for you to eat, but this differs from environment to environment. In Germany, boiled eggs are egg more served than scrambled. Thereby I adjust to the environment I am exposed to. At home I can eat the way I want to and enjoy my eggs and jelly. Some habits you just do not want to change. I enjoy the taste of a finely cooked, scrambled egg and grape jelly.

Stock Track Simulation Sample

PART1-Investment Policy Statement Purpose of Policy Statement The purpose of the Policy Statement is to create an agreement between XXXX, YYY, and ZZZ to collectively manage a mock $1,000,000 portfolio during the 2011 fall semester. It will define the investment objectives, strategies, and risks associated with this portfolio. Investment Objectives The objective of our team is to seek capital appreciation of portfolio in three months.Moreover, given the little risk tolerance of the team, our nominal return should exceeds the rate of inflation over some period of the time through capital gains, and increase the purchase power of our group. The chosen benchmark to beat is the S&P index. Investment Strategies Our investment strategies are somewhere in between to maximize expected returns and to minimize risks. We use Market timing as one of our strategies to maximum our returns. The market timing strategy is to making buy or sell decisions of financial assets by attempting to predict fu ture market price movements.The prediction is based on an outlook of market or economic conditions resulting from technical or fundamental analysis. Also we another strategy is to analysis base on performance of a particular financial asset. The start-up fund was divided into six parts: 10% cash, 5% mutual funds, 55% stocks, 30% bonds, and may vary by+/-5%. Given the short time frame, liquidity is a concern and as such long-term speculative investments such as real estate, art and antiques, and collectibles will be avoided.Only those investments than can be traded on a short-term notice will be used. Taxes and trading costs will not be considered since this is a simulation. Investment Risk On the grounds of strong risk aversion expressed within the team, risk bearing in excess of general market risk is not tolerated. Moreover, the team strives to mitigate the inevitable share of market risk as much as possible. As to the weight assigned to each stock that is central to risk control, there is a cap of 25% of the fund that is available to each stock.No extra use of fund is allowed on single stock basis. PART2-Methodology 1. Well-Diversified & Best Risk-Return Trade-off Portfolios After we established the investment policy that specified our investment objectives, risk tolerance, allocation of different types of securities in details, we then sought for the best selections of securities. Generally, our first methodology was very simple but useful: maintain an appropriate level of portfolio diversification, and maximize the total return on our investment meanwhile limit the total risk.According to this basic approach, firstly, we divided our bond investment into four portions equally in Treasury Bonds and different corporate bonds, which enjoyed good credits, rated above A, and operated stable and profitable in the long-run: |Table1 Bond Selections | | |Coupon Rate/Maturity |Rating | |T-Note |3. 75%/15-Feb-2013 |AAA | |MetLife Inc. |5. 000%/15-Jun-2015 |A | |Morg an Stanley |5. 250%/02-Feb-2012 |A | |Merck & Co Inc. |4. 000%/30-Jun-2015 |AA | Secondly, with respect to the reserved attitude for mutual funds, our team decided to only invest in two of them, taking up 5% of our whole portfolio value totally.The following table provides summary information on these two funds: |Table2 Mutual Fund Selections | | |Blackrock Aggressive Prepared P (BCAPX) |Goldman Sachs Trust Equity Growth (GAPAX) | |Category |Large Blend |World Stock | |YTD Return |-3. 94% |-5. 30% | |Morningstar Overall Rating | | |Beta |1. 01 |0. 96 | |Mean Annual Return |1. 02 |1. 00 | |R-squared |96. 63 |95. 10 | |Standard Deviation |20. 05 |22. 64 | |Sharp Ratio |0. 0 |0. 52 | |Treynor Ratio |10. 53 |10. 21 | |Source: www. yahoo. com/finance | |www. reuters. com/finance | |All information are based on 3 years performance of the mutual funds |Finally, we would invest into two major kinds of stocks with different risk-return trade-offs. We would buy and hold value stocks from well-known, high-credited and strong firms with the attempt to diversify our portfolio and gain a stable growth. On the other hand, we would also choose some other growth stocks, which were generally characterized as higher-risky, non-US and more volatile, aiming at buying them low and selling them high to â€Å"speculate† or â€Å"gamble† the extraordinary gains in a relatively short period.Due to the complex and crucial features for stock selection, we thereafter developed a comprehensive procedure particularly, called a blend of â€Å"Specific Analysis† and â€Å"Overall Analysis† by our own, to help us select our portfolio wisely. 2. Specific Fundamental Analysis When choosing the value stocks, we primarily applied the fundamental analysis including different kinds of analyses for sectors, firm’s specific potentials, cash flows, earnings, and dividends. This procedure had approximate four steps: To begin with, we would view the sector and firm ’s overall ability because we were buying a business, not a stock.Generally, corporates in prosperous industries and growing stages would likely take our prior consideration. An important indicator to show whether a corporate has potential ability was the historical prices of its stock. Therefore, a long-run descend stock price usually implied the decline of the firm, which largely against our favor. Then we needed more fundamental analysis for a firm’s earning ability in depth, such as earning per share that shows how well earning support its shareholders’ benefits and the P/E ratio that indicates how investors expect its future earning power.General speaking, we preferred earning growth at least 7% annually and P/E ratios at the lowest 10% of all equity securities when selecting the growth stocks. After viewing a firm’s possible return, we next looked into another important factor-the risks along with the firm. Basically we would like to know the firmâ €™s Beta that measures how much the systematic risk affects the firm’s stock and the leverage ratio that discloses its financial stability and stress. Thus we were looking for firms having low Beta and D/E ratio of no more than 1.Finally, we would use the discounted cash flow model to find out the reasonable market value for the firm’s stock and to see whether it is incorrectly undervalued by the market. The following table provided the summary of our holding-oriented equity securities: |Table3 Stock Selections | | | |Google Inc. (GOOG) | |New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc. EDU) | 3. Overall Performance Analysis After well knowing the firms and their stocks we chosen from the comprehensive selection procedure, we took one more step to mix then together and see how much our portfolio’s overall proposition fits our objectives and expectations. We decided to combine all equity securities, bonds and mutual funds, which we would like to hold for a rel atively long time span and calculate the overall expected rate of return and risk using Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). 4.Tracking and Monitoring Process While the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) claimed that the stock prices were reflecting all relevant news and information and always showing the inherent value of the company, valuing a stock was just a vain attempt. Our team members, however, were more inclined to believe that the EMH was honestly set up in the academic wonderland. Thus, beside the stock valuation analysis addressed above, we also made the agreement that paying attention to both whole market and firm specific news on daily basis and making appropriate adjustments according to the news in time.In addition, we would keep tracking and recording our portfolio’s overall performance and rating on a week basis meanwhile monitoring the growth stock’s specific performance on daily basis because day-time monitoring and trading could enable us to avoid th e big loss due to the high volatility of them and grab the best time to gain the extraordinary profits. PART3-Microanalysis of the Market During this stock simulation, our group has learned that it’s quite instrumental to analyze and, if possible, follow the market trend for the sake of wise investment.Hence, microanalysis of the market is equally, and sometimes more important as the number analysis. Since the stock simulation only lasted for three months, out group mainly did the short-term analysis. Depending on our analysis, world’s financial market has become more volatile and unpredictable for the short run, primarily because the global economy grows sluggishly and involves more risky events. Several reasons are illustrated as follows. The euro zone debt crisis is the number one big headache. The debt problem in Europe has become persistent and pervasive. Greece experienced the most serious situation.Simply, Greece has borrowed much more money than they can pay ba ck. Italy is in better financial shape, but still risky since investors continued demand high interest rate of its bond. Other countries, such as Spain and even France, the second largest euro zone economy, have also been under pressure as investors question the creditworthiness of every euro zone government. Consequently, the global stocks, especially European and American Stocks have caught the euro zone flu. Investors have become super sensitive about each piece of information associated with the term, euro zone.Our group has recorded that the Dow Jones Industry Average index fluctuated mostly following the euro zone policy changes. It soared rapidly when European Union announced the Greek rescue plan and plumped immediately when the Greek government announced the Greek referendum the next day. â€Å"Markets always want short, sharp, simple solutions. † said Bob Janjuah, fixed income analyst at Nomura Securities (‘The eurozone†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, 2011). † In additi on, the future of U. S. economy is ambiguous. U. S. has been through a tough time since the subprime mortgage crisis. Analysts share different point of views about whether U.S. is experiencing a recovery or recession. First, the macroeconomic data tells an unclear story. The growth rate of real GDP (As illustrated by the figure below) in the third quarter is 2. 0%, higher than the previous two quarters. While compared to the previous year, we can see the U. S. economy has slowed down. Though the U. S. economy has jumped out of the mire in 2008, it remains unstable. While we focusing on the recent year data, we can see no big signal of an up-coming boom or bust. As showed below, the unemployment rate has remained above 9 percent.New jobs are created, but not sufficient. Average Hourly Earnings remains the same. CPI and PPI both declined on October, primarily due to the decline of energy price. In addition, the 2011 U. S. fiscal policy remains neutral. The market is unlikely to get fu rther stimulus. Also we can forecast an increase in the rate of fiscal tightening at the federal level over the next period of time. Overall, U. S. economy still remains unsustainable and U. S. financial market is highly sensitive, which can be immediately shocked by each piece of up-coming information, whether positive or negative. Table4 United States – Monthly Data | |Data Series | | |Our Value |Rank |S&P500 |Comparison with peers | | | | | |Google |Kraft |BRK-B |BP | |09/13/2011 |529. 2 |34. 23 |68. 85 |36. 45 | |09/20/2011 |546. 63 |34. 52 |69. 72 |38. 77 | |09/27/2011 |539. 34 |34. 93 |72. 07 |37. 94 | |10/4/2011 |501. 90 |32. 86 |73. 17 |35. 42 | |10/11/2011 |543. 8 |34. 40 |73. 41 |38. 36 | |10/18/2011 |590. 51 |35. 24 |75. 07 |41. 11 | |10/25/2011 |583. 16 |34. 93 |75. 74 |43. 52 | |11/1/2011 |578. 65 |34. 56 |75. 52 |42. 72 | |11/8/2011 |612. 4 |35. 48 |78. 16 |44. 70 | |11/15/2011 |616. 56 |35. 48 |75. 93 |43. 70 | |11/18/2011 |594. 88 |34. 77 |75. 37 |42. 48 | |To tal Return |12. 34% |1. 58% |9. 47% |16. 54% | Source: www. google. com/financeFrom the table and graph above, we could clearly see that the best performer in our portfolio was BP with a 16. 54% total return, while the worst one was Kraft with a total return of 1. 58% during the holding period. Among all of the four holding-oriented securities, the only one underperformed than the benchmark, namely S&P500, was Kraft. All other three stocks had much better return than the S&P500 of 3. 64%. Overall, these observe actually proved that our selection approach for holding-oriented stocks was successful. PART5-Conclusion What we did successfully:Generally speaking, the first class we learned from this three-month stock simulation is how to select stocks and establish a portfolio wisely and systematically. From initially setting up the investment policy, we explored how to select and allocate the individual securities, how to diversify our portfolio to minimize the risks, and how to find th e best return-risk trade-off for our portfolio. Through this procedure, we really needed to use all financial knowledge we have learned before, including fundamental analysis, ratio analysis, technical analysis, free cash flow analysis and so on.Another significant difference is that we did pay a lot attention to follow macroeconomic and financial news, as well as particular news about our securities. It brought us more quickly and sensitive observe ability to what happened all over the world than before. In addition, we did well on diversifying our portfolio and minimize the systematic risks. Since we established an investment policy in details that we strictly implemented, we had everything under control and didn’t expose to any extraordinary risks out of our expectation.What we would improve in the future: Unfortunately, we did beat the benchmark performance finally, although we once did well and ranked better during the trading period. Firstly, we had to admit that someti mes we have delayed trading and tracking our portfolio, resulting in great losses on some particular stocks. Besides, we had limited experience on daytime trading and using on-time information, so we sometimes encounter unexpected results. For example, we sold Apple’s stocks immediately after we got the news about its CEO, Steven Jobs’s death.However, as we all know, the Apple’s price wasn’t affected a lot in the next trading date. In the way that was expected, unlike our holding-oriented stocks, our gambling-oriented stocks general performances were typically unsatisfied. Therefore, we concluded that wisely selecting stocks according to the macroeconomics and fundamental analysis and then holding them for a relatively long period would be the best way to gain profit from security market.Interestingly, we also found that people might not that know themselves on risk tolerance. Whatever from our investment policy or our trading strategy and results, our po rtfolio is somewhat risk-averse, so we well diversified our investment and always holding a relatively high level of bonds and mutual funds, as well as some excess cash. Interesting finding is that, however, our group members got all high-risk-tolerance ranking in the survey that we finished on class. Appendix1 Ratio Calculation Spreadsheet pic] Appendix2 Class Ratings [pic] References â€Å"The eurozone debt crisis just won't quit†, retrospect from: http://finance. yahoo. com/news/eurozone-debt-crisis-just-wont-211300837. html â€Å"StanChart warns on China’s local-government debt†, retrospect from: http://www. marketwatch. com/story/stanchart-warns-on-chinas-local-government-debt-2011-09-20 Data, retrospect from www. yahoo. com/finance Data, retrospect from www. reuters. com/finance Data, retrospect from www. google. com/finance

Advance Accounting 1

Joint Venture103 CHAPTER 6 SOLUTIONS TO MULTIPLE CHOICES 6-1: a Assets per Jessica Company- balance sheetP3,550,000 Jessica’s proportionate interest in assets of JV (50%) 1,000,000 Total assets of JessicaP4550,000 6-2: a Total liabilities only of Jenny Co. 6-3: b 6-4: b Investment of Heart P80,000 Profit share: Sales150,800 Cost of sales (150,800 ? 125%)120,640 Gross profit 30,160 Expenses 10,000 Net Profit 20,160 Profit/loss ratio x 40% 8,064 Balance of investment in JVP88,064 6-5: a CashP190,000 Merchandise inventory 29,360 Accounts receivable 150,800 Total assets 370,160Sweet Co’s, proportionate interest x 60% Sweet Company’s share in total assetP222,096 6-6: a Sales7,200 Cost of sales PurchasesP10,000 Merchandise inventory, end (50% of P10,000)__5,000_5,000 Gross profit2,200 Expenses___500 Net profitP  1,700 104Chapter 6 6-7: b Original investment (cash)P10,000 Profit share (P1,700 / 2)___850 Balance of Investment accountP10,850 6-8: a Joint venture account before profit distribution (credit balance)P  9,000 Unsold merchandise__2,500 Joint venture profit before fee to SalasP11,500 Joint venture profit after fee to Salas (P11,500 / 115%)P10,000 6-9: b Fee of Salas (P10,000 x 15%)P  1,500Profit share of Salas (P10,000 x 25%)_2,500 TotalP  4,000 6-10: b SalasSalve Balance before profit distributionP  Ã‚  500 (dr)P  2,000 (cr) Profit share:Sabas (P10,000 x 40%)4,000 Salve (P10,000 x 35%)_______3,500 BalanceP  3,500 (cr)P  5,500 (cr) 6-11: d Joint venture account balance before profit distribution (debit)P   6,000 Joint venture profit (P4,500 x 3)_13,500 Cost of unsold merchandise (inventory) taken by DanteP19,500 6-12: b Edwin Capital: Debits: Balance before profit distributionP14,000 Credits: Profit share__4,500 Due from Edwin (debit balance)P   9,500 Joint Venture105 Settlement to Ferdie (Balance of capital account)Debits:P  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ0– Credits:Balance before profit distributionP16,000 Profit share__4,500_2 0,500 Due to Ferdie (credit balance)P20,500 Settlement to Dante (balance of JV Cash account) Debits:Balance before cash settlementP30,000 Due from Edwin__9,500P39,500 Credits:Due to Ferdie_20,500 BalanceP19,000 6-13: a JV account balance before profit distribution (cr)P  4,600 Unsold merchandise (required dr balance after profit distribution)__2,000 Joint venture profit before fee to JerryP  6,600 Joint venture profit after fee (P6,600 / 110%)__6,000 Fee to JerryP     600 6-14: d Harry CapitalIsaac Capital Balances before profit distribution(P  Ã‚  200)P  1,800Profit distribution: Harry P6,000 x 50%)3,000 Isaac (P6,000 x 20%)1,200 Cash settlementsP  2,800P   3,000 6-15: b SalesP14,000 Cost of sales: Merchandise inventory, beg (contributions)P14,000 Freight300 Purchases__4,000 Goods available for saleP18,300 Merchandise inventory, end (P8,300/2)__4,15014,150 Gross profit (loss)(150) Expenses (P400 + P200)__600 Net profit (loss)P(  Ã‚  750) 6-16: c Contributions to t he Joint Venture (P5,000 + P8,000)P13,000 Loss share (P750 x 50%)(  Ã‚  Ã‚  375) Unsold merchandise taken (withdrawal)(  Ã‚  4,150) Final settlement to jackP   8,475 106Chapter 6 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS Problem 6 – 1 Books of Blanco (Manager)Books of AblanJV Cash100,000Investment in JV90,000 Joint Venture90,000Merchandise inventory90,000 Cash100,000 Ablan Capital90,000 Joint Venture60,000 JV cash60,000 Joint Venture20,000 JV cash20,000 JV cash200,000 Joint Venture200,000 Computation of JV Profit Total debit to JVP170,000 Total credit to JVP200,000 Credit balance (Profit)P   30,000 Distribution Joint Venture30,000Investment in JV15,000 Profit from JV15,000Profit from JV15,000 Ablan capital15,000 Ablan capital105,000Cash105,000 JV cash105,000Investment in JV105,000 Cash155,000 JV cash155,000 Joint Venture107 Problem 6 – 2 Books of the Joint Venture 1. Computer equipment105,000Ella capital60,000 Fabia capital45,000 2. Purchases80,000 Supplies2,000 Diaz capital82,000 3. Expenses9,000 Diaz capital9,000 4. Cash150,000 Sales150,000 5. Expenses30,000 Cash30,000 6. Merchandise inventory20,000 Ella capital20,000 7. Fabia capital10,000 Cash10,000 8. Adjusting and closing entries: (a)Expenses500 Supplies500 (b)Sales150,000 Income summary150,000 Income summary77,500 Merchandise inventory2,500 Purchases80,000 Income summary39,500 Expenses39,500 Distribution of profit: Income summary33,000 Diaz capital11,000 Ella capital11,000 Fabia capital11,000 108Chapter 6 Books of Diaz (1)Investment in Joint Venture82,000Cash82,000 (2)Investment in Joint Venture9,000 Cash9,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Books of Ella: (1)Investment in Joint Venture60,000 Computer equipment60,000 (2)Investment in Joint Venture20,000 Merchandise inventory20,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Books of Fabia: (1)Investment in Joint Venture45,000 Computer equipmen t45,000 (2)Cash10,000 Investment in Joint Venture10,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Joint Venture109 Problem 6 – 3 1)No Separate Set of Joint Venture Books is Used Books of Duran (Manager) May1:Joint Venture12,500 Castro capital12,000 Cash500 7:JV cash10,000 Bueno capital10,000 26:Joint Venture9,500 JV cash9,500 30:JV accounts receivable16,000 Joint Venture16,000 June30:JV cash15,000 JV accounts receivable15,000 27:JV cash9,000 Joint Venture9,000 30:To record unsold merchandise taken by Duran: Merchandise inventory3,000 Joint Venture3,000 To record profit distribution: Joint Venture6,000 Profit from JV2,000 Bueno capital2,000 Castro capital2,000 To record settlements: Bueno capital12,000 Castro capital14,000 JV cash24,500 Cash1,500Accounts receivable1,000 JV accounts receivable1,000 110Chapter 6 Books of Bueno May7:Investment in Joint Venture10,000 Cash10,000 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000 Profit from J oint Venture2,000 Cash12,000 Investment in Joint Venture12,000 Books of Castro May1:Investment in Joint Venture12,000 Merchandise inventory12,000 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000 Profit from Joint Venture2,000 Cash14,000 Investment in Joint Venture14,000 (2)A Separate Set of Books is used: Books of the Joint Venture May1:Merchandise inventory12,500 Castro capital12,000 Duran capital500 7:Cash10,000 Bueno capital10,000 26:Purchases9,500 Cash9,500 0:Accounts receivable16,000 Sales16,000 June20:Cash15,000 Accounts receivable15,000 27:Cash9,000 Sales9,000 Joint Venture111 June 30:Closing entries: Sales25,000 Income summary25,000 Income summary19,000 Merchandise inventory, end3,000 Merchandise inventory12,500 Purchases9,500 Distribution of profit: Income summary6,000 Bueno capital2,000 Castro capital2,000 Duran capital2,000 Settlements to Venturers: Bueno capital12,000 Castro capital14,000 Duran capital2,500 Merchandise inventory3,000 Accounts receivable1,000 Cash24,500 Books of D uran (Manager/Operator) May1:Investment in Joint Venture500 Cash500 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000Profit from Joint Venture2,000 Cash2,500 Investment in Joint Venture2,500 Books of Bueno and Castro (Same as in No. 1 requirement) 112Chapter 6 Problem 6 – 4 (1)Books of Seiko (Manager/Operator) April1:JV Cash102,000 Notes payable – PNB34,000 Roles capital34,000 Timex capital34,000 May:Joint venture64,100 Cash16,300 Rolex capital7,800 June:Rolex capital30,000 JV cash30,000 Joint venture111,400 Cash37,400 Rolex capital64,700 Timex capital9,300 July:Cash40,000 Rolex capital15,000 Timex capital10,000 JV cash65,000 Joint venture55,770 Cash13,970 Rolex capital31,240 Timex capital10,560 August:Cash45,000 Rolex capital67,000Timex capital13,500 JV cash125,500 Joint venture30,600 Cash9,730 Rolex capital16,560 Timex capital4,310 To record sales: JV cash (P421,000 x 96%)404,160 Joint venture404,160 Joint Venture113 To record payment of loan to PNB: Notes payable – PNB 34,000 Rolex capital34,000 Timex capital34,000 Joint venture (Interest expense)8,000 JV cash110,000 To record distribution of profit: Joint venture134,290 Gain from JV (30%)40,287 Rolex capital (60%)80,574 Timex capital (10%)13,429 Computed as follows: Total debits tot he JV accountP269,870 Total credits to the JV account_404,160 Gain (credit balance)P134,290 To record settlement: Cash32,687Rolex capital128,874 Times capital14,099 JV cash175,660 Computations: Settlement to Rolex – Balance of capital account: Debits:JuneP30,000 July15,000 August67,000 Payment of note payable_34,000P146,000 Credits:April 1P34,000 May47,800 June64,700 July31,240 August16,560 Profit share_80,574__274,874 Credit balanceP 128,874 114Chapter 6 Settlement to timex – Balance of capital account Debits:JulyP  10,000 August13,500 Payment of loan__34,000P  57,500 Credits:April 1P  34,000 June9,300 July10,560 August4,310 Profit share__13,429_71,599 Credit balanceP  14,099 Settlement to Seiko – Balance of JV cash account Debits:April 1P102,000Loan proceeds_404,160P506,160 Credits:JuneP  30,000 July65,000 August125,500 Payment of loan_110,000_330,500 Balance of JV cash175,660 Less:Settlement to RolexP128,874 Settlement to Timex__14,099_142,973 Settlement to SeikoP   32,687 (2)Partial Balance Sheet June 30, 2008 Books of Seiko (Manager/operator) Current assets: Investment in joint Venture: Joint Venture assets: CashP  72,000 Joint Venture_175,500P247,500 Less:Equity of other venturers (P116,500 + P43,300)_159,80087,700 Current liabilities: Notes payable – PNB34,000 Joint Venture115 Computation of balances as of June 30, 2008: JV CashJoint Venture April 1P102,000P30,000JuneMayP   64,100BalanceP   72,000June_111,400 BalanceP175,500 Notes PayableRolex capital P34,000AprilJuneP  30,000P  34,000April 1 47,800May _________64,700June P  30,000P146,500 P116,500 Timex capital P34,000April __9,000June P43,300 Problem 6 – 5 Consolidated Balance S heet CashP  61,000 Receivables122,000 Inventory102,500 Other assets__40,500 Total assetsP326,000 Accounts payableP  61,000 Other liabilities96,500 Capital stock50,000 Retained earnings_118,500 Total liabilities and stockholders' equityP326,000 Consolidated Income Statement SalesP246,750 Cost of sales_124,750 Gross profit122,000 Operating expenses__58,250 Consolidated net incomeP   63,750 16Chapter 6 Problem 6 –6 (a)Journal entries on venture books June 15:Cash1,000,000 MacDo1,000,000 Initial contribution at 6% July 1:Land2,400,000 Mortgage payable1,650,000 Cash 750,000 Purchased land for cash and 6% mortgage. Aug 1:Cash1,100,000 MacDo1,100,000 Additional contribution at 6%. Land 950,000 Cash 950,000 Paid for improvements. Sept 30:Mortgage payable 250,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 3,750 Cash 253,750 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Oct 31:Mortgage payable 400,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 8,000 Cash 408,000 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Nov 30:Mortgage payable 300,000Interest expense- Mortgage 7,500 Cash 307,500 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Dec 31:Mortgage payable 200,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 21,000 Cash 221,000 Reduced mortgage and make semi-annual interest payment. Joint Venture117 31:Cash2,600,000 Sales2,600,000 Sales to date. 31:Commissions 130,000 Cash 130,000 P2,600,000 x 5% 31:Expenses 628,100 Cash 628,100 Paid expenses 31:Interest expense- Venturer 60,000 MacDo 60,000 6% on P1,000,000 from June 15 to December 31, and on P1,100,000 from August 1 to December 31. 31:Sales2,600,000 Land (cost of land sold)1,145,000 Expenses 628,100 Commissions 130,000Interest expense- mortgage 40,250 Interest- venturer 60,000 Income summary 596,650 To close income and expense accounts. 31:Income summary 596,650 MacDo 596,650 MacEn 238,660 To divide gain, 60:40. 31:MacDo 801,650 Cash 801,650 Payment on account. (b)Journal entries on MacDo’s books: June 15:Investment in Joint Venture1,000,000 Cash1,000,000 Initial contribution. Aug 1:Investment in Joint Venture1,100,000 Cash1,100,000 Additional contribution. 118Chapter 6 Dec 31:Investment in Joint Venture 60,000 Interest income 60,000 Interest earned on cash advanced. 31:Investment in Joint Venture 357,990Gain on Joint Venture 357,990 60% of gain on venture. 31:Cash 801,650 Investment in Joint Venture 801,650 Repayment in part of advances. (c)MacDo and MacEn Joint Venture Income Statement For the period from June 15 to December 31, 2008 SalesP2,600,000 Cost of land sold: LandP2,400,000 Improvements 950,000 TotalP3,350,000 Unsold land 2,205,000 1,145,000 Gross profit 1,455,000 Expenses: Advertising and office expensesP 628,100 Interest on mortgage 40,250 Interest on advances 60,000 Commissions 130,000 858,350 Net gainP 596,650 Distributions: MacDo (P596,650 x 60%)P 357,990 MacEn (P596,650 x 40%) 238,660Mac Do and MacEn Joint Venture Balance Sheet December 31, 2008 Assets CashP 250,000 Land 2,205,000 Total AssetsP2,455,000 Liabilities and equity: Mortgage payabl eP 500,000 MacDo 1,716,340 MacEn 238,660 Total liabilities and equityP2,455,000 Joint Venture119 Venturers equity (interest) MacDoMacEnTotal InvestedP2,100,000P2,100,000 Shares: GainP 357,990P238,660P 596,650 Interest on advances 60,000 60,000 Commissions 130,000 130,000 Total 417,990 368,660 786,650 Balances 2,517,990 368,660 2,886,650 Withdrawn (801,650) (130,000) (931,650) Equity (interests)P1,716,340P238,660P1,955,000

The Life and Works of Werner Heisenberg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Life and Works of Werner Heisenberg - Essay Example But his work focused on the uncertainty principle in quantum theory that had become the basis for his own philosophy. In 1932, Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his â€Å"creation of the quantum physics.†2 Heisenberg also made significant contributions to many other subjects in Physics such as hydrodynamics of the turbulent flows, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. In 1925, he described the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics together with Max Born and Pascual Jordan.3 Subsequent to World War II, Heisenberg was selected as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics – now called the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He is also extensively famous as the key person to spearhead the nuclear fission research in Germany during the World War II. At the conclusion of the war, Heisenberg concentrated on elementary particle physics. Early Life and Education Werner Karl Heisenberg was born on the 5th of December 1901 in Wurzburg, Germany. He was the son of Dr. August Heisenberg, a high school teacher of classical languages, and Anna Wecklein Heisenberg.4 He had a brother named Erwin who was a chemist. Werner showed early interest in mathematics and physics and in 1920, he enrolled at the Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitat Munchen under the supervision of Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien; however, during the winter of 1922-1923, Wilhelm went on to study at University of Munich in which he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck, and studied mathematics with David Hilbert. In 1923, he finally received his doctorate degree at the University of Munich under the guidance of Arnold Sommerfeld.5 At school, Heisenberg showed an extraordinary level of self-confidence and willingness to excel, as commented by one school teacher who had seen his potential.6 Another school teacher observed that Heisenberg is â€Å"more developed toward the side of rationality than a fantasy and imagination†7 – a quali ty that is common among scientists. But these qualities seemed to have been suppressed initially by Heisenberg as he tended to be â€Å"shy and sensitive at first.†8 However, as the school year progressed, he turned out to become more self-confident than ever. Heisenberg’s father would always set up a competition between him and his brother, which continued as they grew older. Obviously, it is one reason why Werner tops his class, particularly in mathematics and physics.9 Sommerfeld noticed Heisenberg’s interests in Niels Bohr’s theories in atomic physics so he took the initiative to bring Heisenberg to the Bohr’s Festival in 1922. For the first time, Heisenberg was able to see and hear Niels Bohr in person as Bohr gave a series of lectures about atomic physics. That encounter flared up Heisenberg’s interest in discovering more about the mysteries of physics.10 Early Career Between the years 1924 and 1925, Werner had the chance to work with probably one of his greatest influences, Niels Bohr, at the University of Copenhagen under a Rockefeller grant. In 1925, Werner went back to Gottingen. In 1926, Werner was designated to his first teaching position as a theoretical physics lecturer at the University of Copenhagen under the direction of Niels Bohr.11 In the following year, Werner received another teaching position as Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Leipzig when he was only 26 years old.12 His latest tenure as a Professor of Theoretical Physics would allow him to set off a lecture tour to the United

How did the French colonialism affect the class structure of Vietnam Essay

How did the French colonialism affect the class structure of Vietnam - Essay Example    The French colonization displaced much of the culture of Vietnam. While the Vietnamese adhered to the system of group ownership of land and resources that revolved around the village structure, the French were advocates of the capitalist school of single ownership in land or resources. As the French extended their political power over Vietnam, they also drastically implemented economic ideas that were detrimental to the existing village system. For some Vietnamese, those who served the French colonial government, life was good for they enjoyed certain privileges such as good education for their children at private schools and to some extent university studies in Paris, France. But majority of the Vietnamese suffered hardship. Many peasants were stripped off their lands and were forced to work in mines and in large farms owned by the colonizers (Levy 9). The poor farmers worked under miserable conditions with little pay. This system of forced labor established by the French was k nown as corvee (Seah & Nair 22). Audrey Seah and Charissa Nair in their book Culture of the World: Vietnam noted three kinds of Vietnamese during the French period from the point of a Vietnamese journalist in 1937 – â€Å"the Vietnamese were so poverty-stricken that they can be categorized by their diet: those who lived on bran and vegetables, like pigs of rich property owners; those who lived on bran and water, like pigs of poorer property owners; and those who survived by tasting samples while pretending to bargain with bran sellers.† The lowly life of the Vietnamese villagers in the hands of the French is captured vividly in the 1914 account of Nguyen Thuon Hien, a Vietnamese poet, on the fate of the villagers who were killed by the French colonial authorities when they pleaded for lower taxes. These are but the a few instances of the indignities and mistreatments endured by the Vietnamese during the colonial rule of France (Long 71). The French colonized Vietnam to get advantage of the many natural resources of the country and to bring prosperity to France. The exploitation went on for many years and by 1945, during World War II, â€Å"France was earning a great deal of money from the sale of goods produced in Vietnam† (Levy 9). The oppression did not go unnoticed by Vietnamese who organized to resist the French ruling. These groups called themselves nationalists who were fighting for self-governance. The nationalists produced their most influential leader in the person of Ho Chi Minh (9). Ho Chi Minh joined the Communist Party in France which was advocating the Soviet Communism where the economy of the state was controlled by the central Communist Party, the government, and the military – private ownership of land and resources was not allowed (10). Ho Chi Minh together with other Vietnamese revolutionaries, like Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap formed the Vietnam Independence League, more known as the Viet Minh. The membership to the league was open to Communists and non-Communists who are aiming for the abolition of foreign rule in Vietnam (11). The Vietnamese responded to Ho Chi Minh’s call of â€Å"Let him who has rifle use his rifle, let him who has sword use his sword. And let those who have no sword take pickaxes and sticks.† (Seah & Nair 24) to lead the mass action against their French oppressors. Land issues led to the Vietnam War. Many Vietnamese who were peasants or poor

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature Research Paper

Those Changes that the Underwent through Southern American Literature - Research Paper Example These river valleys was were civilisation was at peak in this region as it was the location of most of the towns, however, between these valleys and in the least accessible mountainous regions little human activity took place. However, westward expansion through the southern Appalachian turned towards the Ohio valley and North West territory changed this course and people started settling in the mountainous regions. Relationships between families and communities in this region were hostile and although they sometimes united to maintain churches and schools, the memberships of these institutions kept on changing. Slavery in this region was the norm where slaves were got from Africa to work for their American masters in their land or in their homes. In the novel ‘Gone with the wind’, Margaret Mitchell has depicted slavery in the southern America region by dividing the characters in two groups along class lines: the white planter class such as Scarlett and Ashley, and the b lack servant class such as Mammy, Prissy, pork and uncle Peter who acted as house servants. Mitchell goes further to show the subdivisions that were there in different classes such as among the slaves, there were those who worked in the house and stayed with their master; these were considered to belong to the highest caste. In addition, there were those who worked in the farms and did manual work; these were considered to be lower in the caste system of the slaves (Mitchell 24) Southern Belle, which is the traditional reference for a young woman in southern America who belonged to the rich upper class, has been brought up in the character of Scarlett O’Hara. Scarlett O’Hara is depicted as an attractive person although not good-looking, which is a perfect description of a southern belle. However, for Scarlett, the perfect description of a southern belle is her mother Ellen whose back is never seen to rest against the back of any seat on which she sit and whose broken h eart is usually mistaken for an innocent composure. The charming nature of a southern belle can be seen in the way that Scarlett is able to manoeuvre the wars and financial misfortunes that happen to her and gain wealth of her own. In addition, despite several of her husbands dying, she was determined to get married and raise a family of her own, a typical characteristic of a southern belle. The battles and confrontations that the southern part of America participated in shaped the history of the area; these battles saw the young men recruited to the army despite the conflicting interests where young girls wished them to remain behind for marriage purposes. Some of the battles that the southern communities were involved in include the seven days battle at Richmond Virginia that lasted between 25th June and 1st July in 1962 and the confederate army won; the battle of Fredericksburg at Fredericksburg, Virginia from December 11th to 15th, the confederate army won. Other battles were th e Streight’s Raid in northern Alabama from April 19 – May 3, 1863 where union colonel was captured by confederate army general, Battle of Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County in Virginia from April 30 to May 6 where the confederate a

Critically consider the ways in which economists have recognised the Essay

Critically consider the ways in which economists have recognised the psychological, social and corporate influences on consumer choice - Essay Example the use of a popular person like an actor or talk-show host/hostess. Social influences are often attributed to class and culture such as those associated with the consumption of luxury goods. Corporate influences are said to be one of the most influential because they invariably come from the very manufacturers and sellers of those goods. For example businesses adopt a variety of strategies or/and sales tactics including those associated with benchmarking products and creating brand loyalties through value creation (Hallberg & Ogilvy, 1995). Consumers have to make a choice between two or more goods before making an actual purchase. In a free market economy where price mechanism alone allocates scarce resources consumer choice is naturally assumed to be free from any influences because depending on the purchasing ability of the consumer he/she might decide to buy a good at its market price. However the contrary is much truer than this theoretical economic explanation to the consumer’s behavior. In the first instance in a free market economy the producer has an equal amount of freedom to use marketing tactics to attract the attention of the potential customer. Customers are influenced by a variety of sales tactics that producers use in order to increase sales volumes. Psychological, social and corporate influences are the most predominant among them. Economists identify psychological influences such as those related to emotions, impulse or/and ostentation. According to economists emotional involvement in consumer choice though might not be measurable, cannot be ruled out altogether (Luce, Bettman and Payne, 2001). As a result every consumer is assumed to be influenced by positive and negative emotional factors like personal memories associated with a product. Michael Jackson related merchandise and memorabilia for instance have such an emotional impact on many potential buyers because he is associated with the firmament of pop music. When

Power point presentations PowerPoint Presentation

Power point presentations - PowerPoint Presentation Example PowerPoint format has limited ability to accommodate relatively large information per slide. Besides, the graphical and statistical holds marginal content, which encourages bulleting form of presentation (Doumont 67). PowerPoint is criticized for its inability to allow for faster information transfers, and bogging down of the viewers or presented following the saturation of the slides. According to Tufte (5-6) in his theory referred to as â€Å"cognitive style of PowerPoint†, he asserts that the biggest crime leveled against bulleting presentation is the ability and tendency to â€Å"dilute thoughts†. He criticized PowerPoint because bullets were profound of disorganizing speakers while encouraging generic, simplistic and superficial thinking, which in turn ‘make us stupid’. The same sentiment were echoed by Harvard Business Review, by indicating that bullet statements are incomplete as it fails to state the critical assumptions as well as leaving the relationship unspecified. PowerPoint presents data in a monolithic manner which is historically outlined in a basic linear relationship and is generally acceptable. However, given the complexity of the results, the outcomes should be determined in a more complex multi-linear relationship. PowerPoint presents limited ideas and concepts which potentially limits the smooth flow of information. Tufte proceed by pointing out that in general, all the slides used by PowerPoint have a limited rate of information transfers compared to formal talk since a normal slide can only show a maximum of forty words, which only constitute eight seconds of any reading material (Tufte 16). Though this may be a significant tool of jarring the memory and organizing talks, the content is inadequate in case of a complex budget argument, solving non-linear multifaceted issues and intricate problems. In conclusion, the adoption of cognitive style of bullet presentation in our learning institutions is a

Exams often do little more than measure a person's ability to take Research Paper

Exams often do little more than measure a person's ability to take exams. Should exams be outlawed in favor of another assessm - Research Paper Example This is a widespread practice in universities to normal exams, where the main goal is judgment rather than using formative forms of assessment where the main objective is simply learning. A number of researchers have pointed out that there is reliance on exams as many educators evaluate their students in the same manner as they were evaluated when they were learners (Dikli, 2003). Coherently, phrases such as â€Å"Final Examination Marks† can be read in reports forms of today’s students (Boston, 2002). Normally referred to as end-of-the-year exams, such forms of assessment are intended to determine the extent of a student’s education. Simply put, did a learner learn what he/she was expected to learn and to what level? It is with these marks that an educator can assign a student a particular grade. Formative assessment, also known as assessment for learning, is a method, which is maybe, more than anything else, a benchmark for a teacher to decide what they require to do to push the student forward. It is, therefore, not for grading, but learning. This paper finds that formative assessment is a better tool for assessing a student when compared to exams and the findings will be discussed below. Exams An exam is an assessment tool planned to gauge a test-taker’s (student) skill, knowledge, aptitude and, at times, physical fitness or classification in numerous other topics. An exam might be administered verbally, on a computer, on paper or in a secured room, which needs a test taker physically and mentally to carry out a set of skills. Exams differ in style, requirements or rigor (Boston, 2002). For instance, in a closed examination conducted in a majority of schools, a test-taker is normally needed to depend on his/her memory to reply to particular items while, in an open test, the test-taker might utilize one or more supplementary sources. An exam might be administered officially or casually (Nicol & Macfarlane-Dick, 2006). A case of a casual exam would be a reading test given by an educator to a student. A case of an official exam, on the other hand, would be a final test given by an educator in a restricted classroom (Boston, 2002). Educators use these results to assign tests scores or grades. A test score might be understood in line with a criterion or norm, or even, at times, both (Dikli, 2003). The norm is that an exam might be established autonomously or by numerical analysis, or a considerable number of participants. Normally, the difficulty or format of the exam is reliant on the educational philosophy of the educator, class size, subject matter, requirement of accreditation and the policy of the institution (Boston, 2002). However, to what extent do exams assist students succeed in life? Is it a vital tool for assessing today’s students in a world filled with many individual who think creativity is better than the normal form of education? A lot of students today are worried about the amount of tim e, which is spent on exam preparation, and all the tension that is experienced (Boston, 2002). As a result, a good number of institutions are taking on progress assessments. Maybe, another option, nevertheless, should be for schools to do away with examinations (Dikli, 2003). Anxiety and stress are widespread in elementary, secondary, as well as university students these days, as

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy in Pakistan as a result of industrial development and population growth, as compared to increase in energy production. The number of energy consumers has increased to 12.5 million: household 46 per cent, industry 28 per cent, agriculture 12 per cent, bulk supply nine per cent and commercial five per cent. For faster economic growth, Pakistan need more generation. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to out-dated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load shedding is a common phenomenon in all cities. Energy crisis in Pakistan started in 2007 and in 2008 it took a serious turn. During 2009-10, energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 per cent and 3.09 per cent respectively in comparison to previous year. Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20,000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is producing about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. The power companies, circular debt is a big issue which has risen to 230 billion. Line losses, mainly theft, lone contributed Rs.125 billion to circular debt. It is better for the government to focus on curtailing power theft. Mere power tariff raise could not revive the power sector, as numerous hikes in the past have not resolved the chronic problems of circular debt and power theft. Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumptions stood at 43.7 per cent, followed by oil 29.0 per cent, electricity 15.3 per cent, coal 10.4 per cent and LPG 1.5 per cent. Guddu plant is largest thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) are: Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb river (1,300 MW). In 1994 during the Benazir’s government the IPs projects were bitterly opposed, blaming the government of taking commissions in these projects. However, no one had any idea how to solve the electricity problems. The situation went complicated when the civil-military bureaucracy didn’t allow Nawaz government to export surplus power to India because trading with the enemy on the basis of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status was not acceptable to them. Now the circumstances have changed and we are ready to import electricity from India by granting them the same MFN status. Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resources of energy in hydel power; however, only 34 per cent of total electricity generation is coming from this power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 t0 45000 MW. Current hydropower stations are: Tarbella Dam: 3,478 MW; Ghazi Barotha: 1,450 MW; Mangla 1,000 MW; Warsak 240 MW and Chashma 184 MW. Potential hydropower stations are: Diamer-Basha Dam 4,500 Mw; Munda Dam-Swat River in Mohmand Agency 740 MW; Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW; Bunji Dam 5400MW and Dasu Dam 3800 MW. Alternative sources of energy: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which create electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 Mw to 50000 Mw, yet power generation through wind is at the initial stages and currently 06 Mw has been installed in first phase in Jhimpir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power plants will be built in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has the potential of more than 100,000 Mw from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Azad Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan. However, private vendors are importing panels/solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by the government is shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programmes from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by the US. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in 20 other cities. Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power programme, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or material which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. Remaining issue in development of nuclear energy are enrichment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet demand. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 Mw, we are having around 115000 MW. Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 per cent) and oil (29 per cent majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy). Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tonnes, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. This is a positive sign that our renowned scientist, Dr, Samar Mubarakmand, has been working on the project to produce electricity from coal. Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW; however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydropower dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 Mw, Bunji 5400 and Dasu 3800 MW can be constructed to generate hydroelectricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals, etc. Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. Social issue: this factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating, and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. Decline in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around 40 per cent of our population is living below the poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing this menace. Conclusion: energy crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, the menace of energy crisis can be controlled by the government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of all Pakistanis, to utilise the available energy astutely and play our due role in the progress of our country. Following measures will be helpful in fighting the menace of energy crisis.

Afghanistan Geostrategic Importance

Afghanistan Geostrategic Importance When Allah had made the rest of the world, he saw there was a lot of rubbish left over, bits and pieces and things that did not fit anywhere else. He collected them all together and threw them down on the earth. That was Afghanistan.  [1]   An old Afghan Saying. Introduction The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in South-Central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia,  [2]  South Asia,  [3]  or the Middle East.  [4]  It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. The geographic entity now known as Afghanistan has a very long history, and has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and migration. It is an important geostrategic location, connecting East and West Asia or the Middle East. The land has been a target of various invaders, as well as a source from which local powers invaded neighbouring regions to form their own empires. Ahmad Shah Durrani created the Durrani Empire in 1747, which is considered the beginning of modern Afghanistan.  [5]   In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in The Great Game played between the British Empire and Russian Empire. Due to its strategic placement Afghanistan became the focal point of intense rivalry between Tsarist Russia and Britain during the nineteenth century. On August 19,1919, following the third Anglo-Afghan war, the country regained independence from the United Kingdom over its foreign affairs. During the ensuing conflict, the war-weary British relinquished their control over Afghan foreign affairs by signing the Treaty of Rawalpindi in August 1919  [6]  . In commemoration of this event, Afghans celebrate August 19 as their Independence Day. Afghanistan remained at the centre stage of international politics as a theatre in the cold war games of super powers with Pakistan acting as the frontline state of USA for channelling its financial, material and military supplies to the Afghan Mujahedeen. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has experienced a continuous state of civil war punctuated by foreign occupations in the forms of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 USA led invasion that toppled the Taliban government. Afghanistan has assumed importance due to its potential to influence the societies and politics in its bordering countries. (Refer fig 1) Historical Perspective The geography of a nation determines its history, politics and the nature of its people. Afghanistan has been called by many names from being the heart of Asia by the great Indian poet Mohamed Iqbal, to the cockpit of Asia by Lord Curzon.  [7]  The geo strategic location of Afghanistan has been significant since the earliest Aryan invasion it being located on the crossroads between the Arabian Sea and India and between the central Asia and South Asia, the country has indeed stood guard over the land routes to the Indian subcontinent. Even the ruler of Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh, had recognised that the key to the security of the plains of India lay in Kabul.  [8]   Afghanistan has always remained an area of imperial aspirations, differing perceptions and competitions both in medieval and modern times.  [9]  Even before Afghanistan emerged as a geo political entity, the region had seen competition for influence by the Mongols, Persians, the Mughals as well as local tribal chiefs. Though Afghanistan as a state existed since 1747, its current political borders evolved only toward the end of the last century (1880-1901) as an outcome of rivalry between British India and Tsarist Russia. Creation of a buffer state between the two giant powers in Asia was a political and military compulsion. Politically speaking, it was the issue of security between British India and Russia that determined Afghanistan as a state more than the factor of its sovereignty since Afghanistans spatial location denied it the resources for it to be a viable state.  [10]  Successive Afghan rulers have maintained stability by sourcing revenue (i.e. plundering) from its n eighbours  [11]  . Afghanistan played a pivotal role in the security perspective during the era of the great game in the Nineteenth century when Russian and British imperial powers seemed to be on a collision course in Central Asia.  [12]  The history of Nineteenth century is consequently a history of moves and counter moves on the part of the Russians and the British Empire, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of the land locked Afghanistan as a buffer state in the demarcation of frontiers. Thus, it was primarily this Great Game being played out in Afghanistan, which resulted in evolving its current political borders, rather than its need for sovereignty. Since its stability was a key factor in maintaining the fragile security balance in the region, the external powers continued to supply rulers of Afghanistan with assured resources to sustain control and internal stability. Thus, Afghanistan became the only country to hold off both Russian and British expansion in the last century without aligning itself with either. The demarcation of Afghanistans border with Russia commenced in 1887, however Russians never lost sight of the fact that they needed to have their influence in the region, and this led to the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between the two in 1921  [13]  . The British too, carried out the demarcation of the border with Afghanistan by creating the Durand line, named after Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893, without giving any thought to the tribal affinities and traditional affiliations.  [14]   Geographical Location Afghanistan is the worlds 41st-largest country (after Burma) and has an area of 245,000 square miles. It is landlocked and mountainous, with plains in the north and southwest. Afghanistan with a noticeable sizeable chunk of geometrically regular territorial configuration lies at the intersection of the Indian Sub-Continent (Pakistan), the Middle East (Iran), Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) and China (The Wakhan Corridor).  In terms of International borders, the details are Pakistan (2430 km); Iran (936 km); Tajikistan (1206 km); Uzbekistan (137 km); Turkmenistan (744 km), and China (75 km).  The northern and southern portion of Afghanistan is divided by the massive Hindu Kush mountain ranges  [15]  . The Pamir Mountains to the northeast also named the roof of the world by Marco Polo are the junction between Tajikistan, Afghanistan and China. In the east, the passes in Suleiman mountain range like the famous Khyber Pass have provided access to the Indian subcontinent. Geo Strategic Relevance since World War II The post World War II saw the collapse of the British colonial rule in the Subcontinent and Soviet Union emerging as a Super Power with USA led western bloc and Soviet Union led eastern communist block  [16]  . With the British departure from India Afghanistan lost its importance, possibly since the western bloc found an ally in Pakistan to counter the Soviet expansion. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 brought the country to the limelight once again and the strategic balance of the subcontinent was altered dramatically with intervention of extra regional powers. The geo strategic relevance of Afghanistan in the above backdrop cannot be overlooked and it gained further importance with the breakup of Soviet Union. Infact the country has emerged as a new centre for terrorism. Post Cold War Era and the New Great Game The withdrawal of Soviet Union from Afghanistan once again altered the geopolitical and geo strategic importance of Afghanistan. The resultant power vacuum, infighting among the Mujahedeen commanders, weak government of Najibulla at Kabul, and the lack of United States support to Pakistan, were to a large extent responsible for the state of affairs in Afghanistan. Coupled with an indifferent world community, it formed a sure shot recipe for disaster. Surrounded by two nuclear states (China and Pakistan), a threshold nuclear state (Iran) and having two other nuclear powers in its near vicinity (India, and Russia) places Afghanistan in a difficult situation with its neighbours as well other powers vying to get a foothold in the region to spread their influence in the region and the subcontinent. The emergence of new States in Central Asia in 1991 brought to limelight the vast Hydrocarbon resources available in the region and once again Afghanistan acquired the critical importance of the land route from Central Asia to Arabian Sea. It could be asserted that despite its landlocked location, Afghanistan is important in geo-economic terms too both in terms of substantial deposits of oil and natural gas (assessed but not tapped) and as a energy corridor for Central Asia energy produce.  The newly independent states of the Central Asian region have been desperately looking for means of communication to export their oil and gas riches, so as to end their isolation and economic dependence on Russia. Turkmenistans hope of reviving plans to lay the pipeline across war torn Afghanistan to Pakistan and then to India revealed the desperation facing these states. Taliban and the Impact on the Geo Strategic Environment When Russia eventually withdrew from Afghanistan, the US-supported Mujahideen took control. Instead continuing the support for the buffer state, Americas subsequent withdrawal from the region caused a power vacuum, allowing sectarian interests (the Taliban) to seize control. As Afghanistan had been abandoned by both Russian and the West, the Taliban had no interest in acting as buffer, and pursued their own agenda. Afghanistan, apart from being the land bridge to central Asia has also become a home to the fundamentalist ranging from the Jihadis from Kashmir to the Uighur separatists and provided a suitable launch pad for such activities in Central Asia. Afghanistans geo-political and historical background further complicated the situation. The Taliban were initially welcomed by the war torn population since they promised an end to the prevailing anarchy. However, the subsequent quest for power and their change in stance from having no political ambitions, to a flat refusal for power sharing pushed Afghanistan into another period of instability. Afghanistan, till Dec 2001, can therefore be described as having been a legally undivided territory of fragmented power  [17]  . Soon Taliban as a Host to Al Qaida and its leader, Osama Bin Laden, turned into reality the threat of Islamic Fundamentalism faced by the Central Asian states since 1991. The strengthening of links between militant organisations like Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Al Qaida, the Chechen rebels, Uighur separatists and the Taliban, further compounded the security situation in the region. The bombings of the US embassies in 1998 brought USA and the Taliban on a collision course. However, it was the 11 Sep 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centre, which roused the world community and forced them to deal with the menace posed by Taliban and its associates. The Relevance Post 11 Sep 2001 The global war on terrorism (GWOT) launched by USA and its allies has added great deal of turbulence in the region. Presence in Afghanistan provides USA an opportunity to influence the region and keep a check on Russian, Chinese, Pakistani, Iranian and the Indian influence, the nuclear states in the region, a job it has already commenced, as is evident from the pressure on Pakistan and the Iranians.  [18]  The United States however is in a strategic dilemma as it made its Afghanistan strategy totally dependent on Pakistan Armys cooperation.   A strategic denouement is underway presently.  The United States geopolitically stirs a witches cauldron in Afghanistan by giving primacy to Pakistan Armys strategic sensitivities to control Afghanistan  [19]  .  Any US exit from Afghanistan could create a political vacuum which would most likely get filled in by Russia, Iran and India.  [20]  

Its All in the Jeans Essay -- Fashion Clothing Retail Essays

It's All in the Jeans Bell-bottoms came and went, came back and then left again. Top hats had their era. Platform shoes had an intense, yet short, life. Polyester made a brief appearance. At one time, sailor suits could be seen everywhere; not anymore. Hot pants come and go. Yet jeans seem to have survived. They have achieved the impossible: remaining a major trend from the eighteenth century to the present day. Jeans -- trousers made of denim clothing -- have survived through the decades and the centuries. All trends tend to become old and eventually lose their place in society, some more quickly than others. Whether it is clothing, music, hairstyles or attitudes, all seem to have a time limit. Fashion, in any category, has often made it across borders, oceans, social classes and genders, but few have made it through time. Jeans have made it through all of the above, and more. They have made the ultimate transition from being a trend to being a classic. Eternal. Popularity usually comes with an expiratio n date, but apparently not for jeans. As described by the â€Å"History of Jeans† website, the history of jeans is complex and goes all the way back to the eighteenth century, when the word â€Å"jean† is believed to have originated in Italy. Genoan sailor outfits were made from a mixture of materials. Pants made of this denim cloth were called â€Å"jeans† after the Genoan sailors who wore them. â€Å"Denim† refers back to a clothing material used in France called â€Å"Serge de Nimes†. Translated, â€Å"serges† is a kind of material and â€Å"de Nimes† means â€Å"from Nimes†, a town in the south of France. Trading across the Atlantic, along with European immigration, brought denim cloth and jeans to the country that would make both famous. In the USA, jeans we... ... is the key to survival in general? Evolution. Think about it. It makes sense. In order to survive, something must adapt to its ever-changing environment. This principle applies to all things, alive and non-living. Without adaptation comes extinction. It is essential to evolve. Jeans have done exactly that. In the constantly changing world of fashion and popular culture, jeans have been adjusted every step of the way to suit their new environment. In this case, the environment involves trends, attitudes and looks. With every decade and every new generation, jeans have been adapted in order to ensure their continued popularity. Sources Cited â€Å"The Gentrification of Blue Jeans† website www.chass.utoronto.ca/history/material_culture/cynth; â€Å"Historic clothing† at histclo.hispeed.com; and â€Å"History of jeans† at www2.gol.com/users/bobkeim/Garment/jhistory.html.

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

Relationship, External Nature and Dignity in The Old Man and The SeaMan has always suffered his most to achieve his goal. However if one doesn't experience the danger; will not be prepared to handle his problems. Experience is a part of life which gives man his true identity. Does this identity comes from one's luck or struggle? Relationships on the other hand interpret strength and dignity. Ernest Hemingway has shown this through Manolin's behavior. He is a young boy who follows Santiago and listen to his wisdom. If this dignity is eliminated will it effect there relationship? Santiago's fight with nature symbolizes the troubles of existence. Does this mean that the outer existence is nothing but a perilous world? Relationship, External nature and Dignity are the major themes in The Old Man and the SeaA very important relationship in the novella The Old Man and the Sea is that between Manolin and Santiago. Manolin supports Santiago and helped him to confront his greatest challenge. Manolin proves this when he says, "I would like go fishing with you. I would like to serve you in some way" (p. 15). Manolin is the first person who appreciates Santiago's experience and skills. He wants to be like Santiago and be a skillful fisherman (p.24). Manolin's concern for Santiago is very significant to their relationship. It keeps the united even after a huge difference in their age. When Santiago returns after loosing his spectacular catch, it's Manolin who cries at the sight of the wounds "he saw the old man's hand and started to cry" (p. 122), and vows that he will never allow the old man to fish alone again. Therefore' Manolin has proven his relationship to Santiago through his moral respect. The danger confronting Santiago in the external nature represents the troubles of existence. Heminway's, The Old Man and the Sea represents many meanings to the out side existence. The marlin for example represents struggle, trouble and the last challenge Santiago went through. Santiago's struggle as a fisherman with marlin also symbolizes durability by putting up such a struggle. Accomplishing or obtaining something doesn't always end one's journey. Once Santiago hooked the fish (marlin) he still has further complications (p.57). First, the fish might dive to the bottom and break the line; second, it might die, and sink (p.72). The sharks bring him more trouble afterwards. The cost him to loose his stuff, "He took my harpoon and my rope (p.

Essay --

â€Å"Dad I want to be a professional basketball player,† words I murmured to my dad on several occasions as a young boy. But could I possibly make it happen? Or would I end up just your average basketball player? Turns out not every dream can come true. Just like my dream ended, Icarus, the main character in Edward Field’s poem of the same name, failed to live his mythical dream life and fell to a modern, mediocre life. The poem is based on the Greek myth of Icarus and Daedalus but has been translated to fit the story of modern society. A mythological Icarus figuratively flies too high, only to end up falling back to society, doomed to live as a normal, urban individual. Field uses this myth to show the main character’s adjustment from a dream life, to the modern reality. Field employs a metaphor, irony, as well as imagery to an old Greek myth, in order to translate the story to a modern day description of following and failing your dreams. Wanting to show the contrast between Icarus’s life before and after the fall, Field uses a metaphor which he states twice. He describes Icarus’s life before the crash as one with â€Å"arms that controlled huge wings,† and Icarus as one who â€Å"compelled the sun.† He was living his mythological dream to the fullest and even had the power to fly to the sun. In contrast, now living his average, suburban life, Field extends the metaphor and states that Icarus â€Å"constructs small wings and tries to fly to the lighting fixture.† A drastic change from his old life where he had such great wings that could fly to the sun, he now has trouble even reaching the light in the ceiling above him. The poem compares modern urban life with ancient fantastical myths, contrasting mundane society with a dream world of literatur... ...ays, â€Å"He had thought himself a hero, †¦ But he now rides commuter trains.† In the society to which he fell, he was not praised for something with which he could only try to do. One must succeed in order to be remembered. This adds to the irony to create a large contrast to the ancient Greek time period. The poem â€Å"Icarus† by Edward Field uses irony, imagery, and metaphor to translate an ancient myth to a modern society, in order to compare and contrast the reactions of the two separate societies. In ancient Greece, Icarus was a hero who died tragically. The poem illustrates that in this new society he is just a forgotten figure. Nowadays, people do not pay attention to those who try and fail. They just become the normal person in society, as the poem illustrates. For me, many people may not even remember that I played basketball. I have just become the normal athlete.

Haddon House

Jurists Haddam House Food Products has over 50 years of experience in the gourmet food industry. As you know our inventory selection is more than 20,000 items which consists of major brand within ethnic and gourmet categories. One of our most popular brands is Cane's Crazy Mixed-up seasonings. Haddam House is very strong when it comes to selling our products. However, Haddam House needs improvement when it comes to employee turnover.Haddam House has three major locations, two locations in New Jersey, and one in South Carolina. There are 60 people who work in our corporate office and about 700-800 sales representative. Looking back at the last five years there has only been four employees who have been promoted and a handful of employees who left the company or got terminated. It is clear that these promotions happened because the supervisor of Accounts Payable decided to leave the company because she was moving out of state.This left her position open which then the supervisor of Acc ount Receivable decided to take her position this way one of her employees could become the supervisor. This may not be considered a promotion because she was already a supervisor Just moving to a new department. Furthermore, the young lady working in customer service has only been employed with the company for two years and she has a tough time trying to get promoted In addition to the employees in the cooperate office looking at the sales representative there have been at least three employees getting terminated each week.That is a really high number and it should not be like this at all. It should be in the company's strong interest to want to keep their employees. There are many times where a sales representative will leave the company and then get hired again a month later. There are many questions that come with that. Are they leaving the company because their pay is not high enough and then Join the company later to get a better pay increase?This problem can be avoided if the sales representative can give their feedback and the company takes it into consideration to better improve the company. . There is an even amount of males and females that leave the company each year. However, by looking at the numbers more females feel the need to get remoter and have the highest Job whereas, the males feel comfortable in their position. One good aspect about Haddam House is that there are an equal number of males and females in the company.The company is also very diverse. Another variable that we looked into was if there was a correlation between education and promotion within the company. With any other company if a person gets a higher education it can give them a chance to get promoted in the company. However, with this company it rarely happens. Employees feel that when they get hired for a position it does not matter if they further their education they will be stuck that session.This comes to be a big problem because individuals do not want to keep looking for a Job because they cannot go further. Haddam house is very particular with who is in the right position and they fear that only these people are right for the Job. It would help them in the long run if they were willing to trust more people and willing to promote more people than they do now. If they can get past this threshold they may notice an increase in moral and loyalty. Which will help people stay in the company and keep it a happy and healthy environment.

Biography and Artwork of Guy Harvey Essay

Guy Harvey was born in Lippspring Germany on September 16 1955. Guy Harvey is a 10th generation Jamaican as his family of German heritage immigrated there in 1664. Guy Harvey grew up next to the islands of Jamaica where there he spent most of his time diving and fishing of the islands southern coast. Guy soon fell in love and was fascinated by all types of fish and sea creatures. He then felt it necessary to re create all of these scenes in art so he began to draw a lot of marine life. Guy’s natural gift to recreate the underwater realm has propelled him from Professor of Marine Biology to a Wildlife Artist and Photographer. Guy initially opted for a scientific education, earning high honors in Marine Biology at Aberdeen University in Scotland in 1977. He continued his formal training at the University of West Indies, where he obtained a Doctorate in Fisheries Management. In 1985 guy began to recreate the novel â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway into a b eautiful series of 44 pieces with pen and ink drawings. Guy enterered this artwork into museums in Jamaica. Guy received numerous awards and compliments on his pieces so by 1986 Guy went pro and then began providing artwork for merchandise such as apparel. Guy then became more involved with underwater photography where he traveled the world and became perfected the art of photographing free swimming billfish. Guy Harvey also became involved with scuba diving. Being underwater and on top of it enable guy to really get a better understanding of fish and marine life which makes his artwork that much more better and realistic. The Jamaica Committee presented Guy Harvey the Award of Excellence for his hands-on commitment to marine sciences, his inspired promotion of the protection of the marine environment and his philanthropy. The second is the Vasco Nunez de Balboa Grand Cross- the highest honor the country of Panama bestows on a non-Panamanian. Guy Harvey was presented this award for his work to preserve and publicize Panama’s marine resources. Lastly, the International Swimming Hall of Fame Gold Medallion Award. Presented each year to a former competitive swimmer for his or her national or international significant achievements in the field of science, entertainment, art, business, education, or government. Guy has also written numerous books toward the conservation of fish and other marine species as well as the biology aspects of his work. Guy Harvey is not only a full time artist, buy Guy is a huge conservationist. Guy has created organizations such as the Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation to help ensure conservation with marine organisms. Guy donates thousands of dollars to other organizations as well to make sure that we have life filled ocean in another one hundred years. References http://www.guyharvey.com/Biography http://www.natureartists.com http://www.depaulas.com

A Doll House

Marriage, as an institution, facilitates the union of man and woman enabling them to raise a family. The wellbeing and happiness of the family depends equally on the man and the woman. But this equality is imperceptible in married relations, even in the modern society. The woman always compromises for the sake of her family and abandons her freedom.The play â€Å"A Doll House† by Henrik Ibsen depicts the situation of a married woman, Nora Helmer who has to repress her desires and behave according to the wish of her husband, Torvald. The title of the play denotes the house of Nora and Torvald who behave like dolls owing to their circumstances.Although Nora is a skilled and wise woman, her husband regards her to be an asinine and childish woman. â€Å"Nora! Are your scatterbrains off again?† (Ibsen & Fjelde 44). When Torvald was ill, Nora was the one who saved his life with the aid of money borrowed from Krogstad. But she refrained from revealing about the borrowed money to her husband so that his pride is not hurt.She also worked secretly to repay the debt. But she presents herself before her husband in a manner which pleases him. Her husband thinks that Nora is a silly woman and Nora continues to act like a one before him. Nora lives in her house like a doll whose strings are in the hands of her husband. Similarly, Torvald is a doll who leads his life in accordance to the expectations of the people working with him and the society.He is more concerned about other people’s thoughts regarding him and his married life rather than the feelings of his own wife. The title â€Å"A Doll House† is significant in bringing forth the lives of Nora and Torvald which resembles a doll’s life in various aspects. Like a doll, the lives of Nora and Torvald are not under their own control. Their actions and behavior are influenced by their circumstances. Nora behaves as her husband wants her to behave and Torvald acts in a manner which is accept ed by the society in which he is living with his wife.Works CitedIbsen, Henrik & Fjelde, Rolf. A Doll House. Signet Classic. 1992.   

Principle of Tourism 2

. Transportation Tourism Attractions TOUR OPERATORGOVERNMENT Accommodation and Food and Beverage Transportation Travel Agency 2. ? 1950, there are 25 million tourist arrivals around the world? 2007 to 903 million in? Forecasted by 2010 1 billion? Forecasted by 2020 1. 6 billion by 2020. 3. ? The World Bank 2005 estimates, 1. 4 billion people are living in the poverty line.? New threshold for extreme poverty using the 2005 prices is now pegged at $1. 25.? The multiplier effect is experienced on other industries like handicrafts, agriculture, fisheries and transport. 4. Acts as intermediaries for the customers. They broker on behalf of the tourist from accommodation to tour operators. They receive commissions from their suppliers such as hotels, food and beverage establishments and tour operators as well as earn their revenues from their principal (customers). 5. ? Business travelers? Leisure travelers? International travelers. 6. ? The concept of travel agency started in 1841, when Th omas Cook (father of travel agencies) signed up 570 people to accompany him to a packaged travel from Leicester to Loughborough that included board and lodging arrangements. . ? Miniples ? Similar businesses to independents but they have more branches and usually a head office in a local area ? The different branches may trade under different names ? Other small independents may be bought up and added to the miniple 8. ? Multiples ? Private companies usually with a high street presence in most UK towns and cities ? Part of large organisations which trade in other areas of travel and tourism ? Many customers attracted by large discounts 9. Independent ? These are private companies that have one or a few branches, often close to each other. ? Cater to a niche market. ? Rely on repeat business from satisfied customers 10. ? Mega travel agencies, as the name denotes is based on their size and scope. These are large travel agencies that own and control all aspects of their operations. Th ey provide complete travel services that include transportation, accommodation and others related to the needs of their clients. 11. Consortiums are group of travel agents who formed an association to maximize buying power and sharing of technology.? Independent travel agencies are small-scale businesses that cater to a specific niche like corporate travel services or specialized travel needs 12. ? The Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA) was founded through the union of the national associations of the outbound travel agencies and inbound tour operators in 1979.? Founded to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its members and the travelling public as well. 3. ? Typically creates and combines products from the value chain of travel and tour. For example, the package created may include airline (transportation), Hotel (accommodation) and a tourism attraction all in one price.? Tour operators may sell these products to travel agencies who act as r epresentatives of the principal (customer). 14. ? The training program is designed to produce individuals who will guide DOT visitors by presenting the country in the best possible light in an interesting, intelligent & engaging manner.

News Program Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

News Program Analysis - Research Paper Example This will include and analysis of this students findings. How are the three different forms of coverage portrayed and how the segment framed with regard to the presentation and the bias? X- Reports the floods in the south are historic this May 19, 2011. It crested at 57.1 feet Thursday, and the weather service predicts the crest will hold through at least Saturday morning in Vicksburg. The flood also claimed the first victim in the state. Vicksburg resident Walter Cook, who died after pulled from floodwaters, according to the Warren County coroner, who said Thursday it is not clear how Cook results in them. For some, the cresting floodwaters, which damaged hundreds of homes and displaced 2,000 Vicksburg residents, was cause for relief. For others, it was a reason to celebrate. Y reports VIDALIA, La. - Natchez, Mississippi occupies a prominent bluff overlooking the big river. Tourist attractions, the city is well off and mostly dries, reports CBS News correspondent Dean Reynolds. Just across the water, in the lowlands, lies Vidalia, Louisiana. A, working class town, is on the edge of a ruinous flood. At least 300 people are out of work and riverfront businesses there are out of commission. The convention center, the hotel, hospital, and medical building are inches from inundation and losing as much as $1 million a month. The flooding on the Mississippi River is sure to cost billions of dollars in damage and lost business and diverting floodwaters away from New Orleans may not reduce the cost of this disaster by much. How much will the flooding cost the southern-flooded areas and the rest of the U.S.? CBS News business and economics correspondent Rebecca Jarvis said on "The Early Show" Tuesday that the area affected by flooding is very significant to the national economy because of its gasoline resources. Z reports, Eddie Simmons relieved to hear that the Mississippi River crested slightly lower than expected north of him in Vicksburg LA, confident his house woul d survive the flooding that is plaguing many states. Simmons, a retired logger, is recovering from hip-replacement surgery and can barely leave his bed. Despite water swamping his front yard and creeping beneath his house in Port Gibson, he has decided to ride it out. "It's God's work. You have to deal with him. You can run to high ground, but if God wants to come there, he can come there. You might as well stay put, he said". The Mississippi River crested at more than 14 feet above flood stage in Vicksburg on Thursday, slightly lower than expected, easing worries about water potentially spilling over a nearby levee and inundating thousands more acres of farmland. Still, officials warned that the flood was by no means over. The river expected to stay at its crest for several days before beginning a long, slow retreat. It could remain above flood stage until mid-June. Television stories are subjective or objective, informal or formal to represent the TV story reporting a certain appr oach. The definition of objective and subjective: Objective/formal this statement is completely unbiased. The speaker’s previous experiences or tastes have nothing to do with the report. It is verifiable by looking up facts or performing mathematical calculations. Subjective/informal the character of the speaker or writer colors this statement. It often has a basis in reality, but reflects the perspective through with the speaker views reality. It cannot be verified using concrete facts and numbers. We use our examples listed above, X appears to have an objective point of view. This